I-M12-6P Isixhumi se-Aviation IPC intambo yokulibaziseka yomsindo nevidiyo L=6M
Umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kwesixhumi sezimoto embonini yezimoto zamandla amasha
Njengoba iChina isiyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yokudayisa izimoto, imboni yezimoto yaseChina nayo isingene esigabeni esisha sokuthuthuka. Kuyabonakala ohlelweni lwe-12 lweminyaka emihlanu ukuthi eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, imboni yezimoto yaseShayina izosuka enkulu iye emandleni aqinile esikhathini esidlule, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwayo ikakhulukazi ukukhuthaza izimoto ezonga ugesi, kuhlanganise nezimoto ezintsha zamandla. .
Ngokohlelo lwamanje olusalungiswa, ngo-2015, i-China izogqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa okuhlelekile kwemboni yezimoto nezimboni ezihlobene, ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha emadolobheni kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukusuka ezweni elikhulu elikhiqiza izimoto ukuya ezweni elinamandla lezimoto, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi inani lokuthengisa laminyaka yonke likhule. ukufinyelela ezimotweni eziyizigidi ezingama-25 ngo-2015. Kuzoba yisisekelo semboni yezimoto yaseChina ukuthi ibe nkulu futhi ibe namandla. Ngo-2015, ingxenye yemakethe yezimoto yomkhiqizo waseChina izophinde inwetshwe. Isabelo semakethe yasekhaya yezimoto zohlobo oluzimele zizodlula ama-50%, lapho ingxenye yasekhaya yezimoto ezizimele izodlula ama-40%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yezimoto yaseChina izosuka ekuthembeleni emakethe yezidingo zasekhaya iye iye phesheya ngezinga elikhulu. Ngo-2015, ukuthunyelwa kwezimoto zohlobo oluzimele kwaba ngaphezu kwe-10% yokukhiqiza nokuthengisa.
Ukuze kufinyelelwe lo mgomo, umbuso uzosekela ngamandla izimoto ezonga ugesi kanye nemvelo ezisebenzisa amafutha endabuko, izimoto ezintsha zamandla ezibuswa izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, futhi usekele ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kukaphethiloli oyingxubevange, uphethiloli we-hydrogen nezinye izimoto. Faka ngokukhethekile:
Okokuqala, ngaphambi kuka-2015, sizokweseka ngamandla ukuthuthukiswa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zokonga ugesi kanye nezimoto ezintsha zamandla. Emkhakheni wezingxenye eziyinhloko ezifana namamotho namabhethri, lwela ukwakha amabhizinisi angu-3-5 angama-backbone ezingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana namabhethri kagesi namamotho, anokugxila ezimbonini ezingaphezu kuka-60%. Okwesibili, qaphela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezimoto ezijwayelekile zikagesi eziyingxubevange futhi ulwele ukuba nezimoto zabagibeli ezingaphezu kwesigidi ezimaphakathi/ezisindayo eziyi-hybrid.
Ukuze uzijwayeze ngenkuthalo UHlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-12 Lweminyaka Emihlanu, isixhumi, njengengxenye eyinhloko yemboni yezimoto, kufanele sithuthukiswe ngokuphelele. Ngokohlaziyo lonjiniyela be-linkconn.cn, i-ejenti yesixhumi setheminali echwepheshile, ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokuxhuma kunezitayela ezintathu ezinkulu:
Owokuqala ukuvikela imvelo, okwesibili ukuphepha, kanti okwesithathu ukuxhumana.
● ukuvikelwa kwemvelo... Ngenxa yohlelo lwamandla kagesi amasha, izimfuneko zezixhumi "zifuna izinto ezifanayo kuyilapho zigcina ukungezwani" ngezimoto zendabuko. Njengoba imoto yamandla entsha iyimoto "eluhlaza", isixhumi sidinga nokuvikelwa kwemvelo okuluhlaza. Mayelana nokuphepha, ngenxa yekhono lesixhumi semoto yamandla entsha ukumelana no-250A wamanje kanye ne-voltage engu-600V kakhulu, isidingo sokuvikela ukushaqeka kukagesi okusezingeni eliphezulu sisobala. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ngaphansi kwamandla aphezulu kangaka, ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic kungenye inkinga ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kokuxhuma kwesixhumi kuzokhiqiza i-arc, ezofaka engozini kakhulu uxhumano lukagesi kanye nemishini kagesi, futhi kungase kubangele ukusha kwemoto, okudinga umklamo okhethekile nokuthuthukiswa kwesixhumi.
● ukuphepha... Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokusebenza okuphezulu kwezixhumi zemoto yamandla amasha, kuncike kakhulu ekucacisweni kwedizayini okuqinile. Isibonelo, uma kwenzeka ukuchayeka, kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukuwohloka komoya nge-voltage ephezulu, okudinga ukuthi igebe elithile lomoya ligcinwe; Ngaphansi kwesimo se-voltage ephezulu kanye namandla amakhulu, ukuphakama kwezinga lokushisa akufanele kudlule inani elilinganiselwe; Lapho sikhetha impahla yegobolondo, kufanele sicabangele isisindo, amandla kanye nokulula kokucubungula, kanye nendlela yokugcina ukuzinza kokusebenza kwempahla yesixhumi sokugcina emazingeni okushisa ahlukene kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuqhutshwa okudingekayo.
● ukuxhumeka... Ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo kwesistimu yokuzijabulisa yezimoto, ukubaluleka komsebenzi wokudlulisa idatha ngesivinini esikhulu kuya ngokuya kugqama. Isibonelo, kwamanye amamodeli, ikhanda lekhamera lifakwe esibukweni esibuyela emuva, esingenza umshayeli abe nenkambu ebanzi yombono, okudinga isixhumi ukudlulisa idatha eyengeziwe. Kwesinye isikhathi isixhumi siyadingeka ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokudlulisa amasignali e-GPS nokusakaza amasignali ngesikhathi esifanayo, okudinga ukuthuthukisa umthamo wayo wokudlulisa idatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isixhumi sidinga ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ngoba injini yemoto ivame ukubekwa phambi kwemoto. Nakuba kukhona i-firewall yokuvikela, okunye ukushisa kuzodluliselwa, ngakho-ke isixhumi kufanele sikwazi ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
Ukwethulwa okuyisisekelo kwehhanisi lezimoto
Izintambo zezimoto, ezaziwa nangokuthi izintambo zamandla aphansi, zihlukile ezintanjeni ezijwayelekile zasendlini. Izintambo zasendlini ezijwayelekile ziyizintambo eziwumgogodla owodwa wethusi ezinobunzima obuthile. Izintambo zemoto ziyi-copper multi core flexible wire. Ezinye izintambo eziguquguqukayo zincane njengezinwele. Izintambo ezimbalwa noma inqwaba yezintambo zethusi eziguquguqukayo zigoqwe ngamashubhu epulasitiki afaka insulating (PVC), athambile futhi akulula ukuphuka.
Ngenxa yemininingwane yemboni yezimoto, inqubo yokwenziwa kwamahhanisi ezimoto nayo ikhethekile kakhulu kunamanye amahhanisi ajwayelekile.
Amasistimu okukhiqiza amahanisi ocingo lwezimoto angahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezimbili:
1. Ihlukaniswe ngamazwe aseYurophu nawaseMelika, kuhlanganise neShayina:
Uhlelo lwe-TS16949 lusetshenziselwa ukulawula inqubo yokukhiqiza.
2. Ikakhulukazi evela e-Japan:
Isibonelo, iToyota neHonda banezinhlelo zabo zokulawula inqubo yokukhiqiza.
Ngokukhula kwemisebenzi yezimoto kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo yonke kobuchwepheshe bokulawula i-elekthronikhi, ziyanda izingxenye zikagesi, izintambo eziningi kakhulu, futhi ihhanisi liya lijiya futhi libe nzima. Ngakho-ke, izimoto ezithuthukisiwe zethule ukucushwa kwamabhasi futhi zamukela uhlelo lokudluliswa kwamashaneli amaningi. Uma kuqhathaniswa namahhanisi ezintambo okuvamile, idivayisi yokudlulisa iziteshi eziningi inciphisa kakhulu inani lezintambo nezixhumi, okwenza izintambo zibe lula.
Okuvame ukusetshenziswa
Ukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwezintambo kumahhanisi ezimoto zifaka izintambo ezinezindawo eziphambanayo zokuthi 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0 kanye no-6.0 mm2 (izindawo eziphambanayo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zaseJapan zingu-0.5, 0.8 0.8. 1.25, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0 kanye no-6.0 mm2). Wonke anamanani wamanje wokulayisha avumelekile futhi afakwe izintambo zezinto zikagesi ezinamandla ahlukene. Uma sithatha ihhanisi lemoto lonke njengesibonelo, ulayini wokucaciswa ongu-0.5 usebenza ezibanini zamathuluzi, izibani zenkomba, amalambu eminyango, amalambu osilingi, njll; 0.75 ulayini wokucaciswa usebenza kumalambu epuleti lelayisense, amalambu amancane angaphambili nangemuva, amalambu amabhuleki, njll; 1.0 ulayini wokucaciswa uyasebenza ekukhanyiseni isibani sesiginali, isibani senkungu, njll; 1.5 i-specification line iyasebenza kumalambu angaphambili, ezimpondweni, njll; Ulayini wamandla oyinhloko, njengolayini we-armature generator, intambo yaphansi, njll., udinga izintambo ezingu-2.5 kuya ku-4 mm2. Lokhu kusho kuphela ukuthi ezimotweni ezijwayelekile, ukhiye uncike enanini eliphezulu lamanje lomthwalo. Isibonelo, intambo yaphansi kanye nentambo yamandla ephozithivu yebhethri izintambo zemoto ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa zodwa. Amadayimitha ocingo lwawo makhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, okungenani ngaphezu kwamamilimitha-skwele ayishumi. Lezi zintambo ze-"Big Mac" ngeke zifakwe kumahhanisi amakhulu.
uhlu
Ngaphambi kokuhlela ihhanisi, dweba umdwebo we-harness kusengaphambili. Umdwebo we-harness uhlukile kumdwebo we-circuit schematic. Umdwebo wohlelo lwesekethe yisithombe esichaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene zikagesi. Akubonisi ukuthi izingxenye zikagesi zixhunywe kanjani komunye nomunye, futhi akuthintwa usayizi nokuma kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zikagesi kanye nebanga phakathi kwazo. Umdwebo wamahhanisi kufanele ucabangele usayizi nokuma kwengxenye ngayinye kagesi kanye nebanga eliphakathi kwawo, futhi ubonise ukuthi izingxenye zikagesi zixhunywe kanjani komunye nomunye.
Ngemva kokuba ochwepheshe befekthri yokuhlanganisa izintambo benze ibhodi lokuhlanganisa izintambo ngokomdwebo wezintambo zocingo, izisebenzi zazisika futhi zahlela izintambo ngokuvumelana nezinhlinzeko zebhodi lezintambo. Ihhanisi eliyinhloko layo yonke imoto ngokuvamile lihlukaniswe libe yinjini (yokuthungela, i-EFI, ukuphehla ugesi, ukuqala), insimbi, izibani, isimo somoya, izinto ezisizayo nezinye izingxenye, okuhlanganisa ihhanisi elikhulu namahhanisi egatsha. Ihhanisi eliyinhloko lemoto yonke linamahhanisi amagatsha amaningi, njengezigxobo zezihlahla namagatsha. Ihhanisi eliyinhloko layo yonke imoto ngokuvamile lithatha iphaneli yensimbi njengengxenye ewumgogodla futhi lidlulele phambili nangemuva. Ngenxa yobude bobudlelwane noma ukuhlangana okufanelekile, izintambo zezinye izimoto zihlukaniswa ngamahhanisi angaphambili (okuhlanganisa insimbi, injini, ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okungaphambili, isifudumezi-moya nebhethri), ihhanisi elingemuva (ukuhlanganiswa kwezibani zomsila, ilambu lepuleti lelambu nesibani somboko), amahhanisi ophahleni (umnyango, isibani sikasilingi nophondo olulalelwayo), njll. Ingxenye ngayinye yehhanisi izomakwa ngezinombolo nezinhlamvu ukukhombisa into exhumeke kuyo ucingo. Umsebenzisi angabona ukuthi uphawu lungaxhunywa ngendlela efanele ezintanjeni ezihambisanayo nasezinsizeni zikagesi, okuwusizo kakhulu lapho kulungiswa noma kushintsha ihhanisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbala wocingo uhlukaniswe ngocingo lwe-monochrome kanye nocingo olunemibala emibili. Inhloso yombala nayo icacisiwe, ngokuvamile okuyindinganiso ebekwe imboni yezimoto. Izinga lemboni yaseShayina lisho kuphela umbala oyinhloko. Isibonelo, ibeka ukuthi i-single black isetshenziselwa ngokukhethekile ucingo oluphansi futhi olubomvu lusetshenziselwa intambo yamandla, engeke idideke.
Ihhanisi isongwe ngentambo elukiweyo noma ngetheyiphu yokunamathela yepulasitiki. Ukuze kube lula ukuphepha, ukucubungula nokunakekela, ukugoqwa kwentambo elukiwe kususiwe futhi manje sekusongwe ngetheyiphu yepulasitiki enamathelayo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwehhanisi nehhanisi naphakathi kwehhanisi nezingxenye zikagesi kusebenzisa isixhumi noma isikhwama. Isixhumi senziwe ngepulasitiki futhi sihlukaniswe ipulaki nesokhethi. Intambo yokubopha ixhunywe nentambo yokubopha ngesixhumi, futhi ukuxhumana phakathi kwentambo yokubopha nezingxenye zikagesi kuxhunywe nesixhumi noma isikhwama.
Isayensi Yezinto Ezibalulekile
Izidingo zezinto zokwakha amahhanisi ezimoto nazo ziqinile kakhulu:
Kubandakanya ukusebenza kwayo kagesi, ukukhishwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukumelana nokushisa nokunye, izidingo ziphakeme kune-harness evamile, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlobene nokuphepha: isibonelo, i-harness yezingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana nesistimu yokulawula isiqondiso kanye namabhuleki, izidingo ziqinile kakhulu. .
Ukwethulwa komsebenzi wamahhanisi ezimoto
Ezimotweni zesimanje, kunamahhanisi amaningi ezimoto, futhi uhlelo lokulawula ngogesi luhlobene eduze nehhanisi. Othile wake wenza isifaniso esicacile: uma imisebenzi ye-microcomputer, inzwa kanye ne-actuator iqhathaniswa nomzimba womuntu, kungashiwo ukuthi i-microcomputer ilingana nobuchopho bomuntu, inzwa ilingana nesitho sezinzwa, futhi i-actuator ilingana nesitho semoto, khona-ke i-microcomputer ilingana nobuchopho bomuntu. i-harness iyinzwa kanye nesitsha segazi.
Amahhanisi ezimoto inethiwekhi eyinhloko yomjikelezo wezimoto. Ixhuma izingxenye zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi zemoto futhi izenze zisebenze. Ngaphandle kwamahhanisi, ngeke kube khona ukujikeleza kwezimoto. Njengamanje, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imoto yokunethezeka ethuthukisiwe noma imoto evamile eyongayo, i-wiring harness ngokuyisisekelo iyafana ngesimo, esakhiwe izintambo, izixhumi kanye ne-tape yokugoqa. Akufanele kuphela iqinisekise ukudluliswa kwezimpawu zikagesi, kodwa futhi iqinisekise ukwethembeka kwesekethe yokuxhuma, inikeze inani lamanje elishiwo ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi nezamandla kagesi, ivimbele ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic kumasekethe azungezile, futhi isuse isifunda esifushane sezinto zikagesi. [1]
Ngokomsebenzi, ihhanisi lemoto lingahlukaniswa libe izinhlobo ezimbili: intambo yamandla ephethe amandla e-actuator yokushayela (i-actuator) kanye nolayini wesiginali odlulisa umyalo wokufaka wenzwa. Ulayini wamandla uwucingo oluwugqinsi oluthwala i-current enkulu, kanti ulayini wesiginali uwucingo oluncane olungathwali amandla (optical fibre communication); Isibonelo, indawo ye-cross-sectional yocingo olusetshenziswa kumjikelezo wesignali ingu-0.3 no-0.5mm2.
Izindawo eziphambanayo zezintambo zamamotho nama-actuator zingu-0.85 no-1.25mm2, kuyilapho izindawo eziphambanayo zezintambo zamasekhethi kagesi zingu-2, 3 kanye no-5mm2; Amasekhethi akhethekile (isiqalisi, i-alternator, intambo yokumisa injini, njll.) anemininingwane ehlukene ka-8, 10, 15 kanye no-20mm2. Lapho inkulu indawo ye-cross-sectional ye-conductor, iyanda umthamo wamanje. Ngaphezu kokucabangela ukusebenza kukagesi, ukukhethwa kwezintambo kuphinde kuvinjelwe ukusebenza ngokomzimba lapho kubhodi, ngakho-ke uhla lwayo lokukhetha lubanzi kakhulu. Isibonelo, umnyango ovame ukuvuleka/ovalwe etekisini kanye nentambo emzimbeni wonke kufanele yenziwe ngezintambo ezisebenza kahle ngokugobeka. I-conductor esetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zokushisa okuphezulu ngokuvamile ithatha ikhondukta ehlanganiswe ne-vinyl chloride ne-polyethylene ene-insulation enhle nokumelana nokushisa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo zokuvikela i-electromagnetic kumasekhethi esignali abuthakathaka nakho kuyakhula.
Ngokukhula kwemisebenzi yezimoto kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo yonke kobuchwepheshe bokulawula i-elekthronikhi, ziyanda izingxenye nezintambo zikagesi. Isibalo samasekhethi kanye namandla asetshenziswayo emotweni akhuphuka kakhulu, futhi amahanisi abe mkhulu futhi asindayo. Lena inkinga enkulu okufanele ixazululwe. Indlela yokwenza inqwaba yamahhanisi ezintambo endaweni yemoto elinganiselwe, indlela yokuwahlela ngempumelelo nangendlela enengqondo, kanye nendlela yokwenza izintambo zezintambo zezimoto zidlale indima enkulu sekuyinkinga ebhekene nemboni yokukhiqiza izimoto.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bezintambo zezimoto
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zabantu zokunethezeka, umnotho kanye nokuphepha, izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi emotweni nazo ziyanda, amahhanisi ezimoto aya ngokuya eba yinkimbinkimbi, nezinga lokuhluleka kwamahhanisi nalo liyakhula ngokufanele. Lokhu kudinga ukuthuthukisa ukuthembeka nokuqina kwezintambo zocingo. Abantu abaningi banentshisekelo enqubweni nasekukhiqizweni kwamahhanisi ocingo lwezimoto. Lapha, ungenza incazelo elula yolwazi lwenqubo yokuhlanganisa izintambo zezimoto nokukhiqiza. Udinga kuphela ukuchitha imizuzu embalwa ukuyifunda.
Ngemva kokuphuma komdwebo womkhiqizo onezinhlangothi ezimbili wehhanisi lemoto, inqubo yokukhiqiza yamahhanisi ezimoto kufanele ihlelwe. Inqubo isebenzela ukukhiqizwa. Laba ababili abahlukene. Ngakho-ke, umbhali uhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nenqubo yokuhlanganisa izimoto.
Isiteshi sokuqala sokukhiqiza izintambo zocingo yinqubo yokuvula. Ukunemba kwenqubo yokuvula kuhlobene ngokuqondile nayo yonke inqubekelaphambili yokukhiqiza. Uma kunephutha, ikakhulukazi usayizi wokuvula okufushane, kuzoholela ekusebenzeni kabusha kwazo zonke iziteshi, kudle isikhathi futhi kukhandle, futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, lapho silungiselela inqubo yokuvula ucingo, kufanele sinqume ngokunengqondo usayizi wokuvula ucingo kanye nosayizi wokuhlubula we-conductor ngokuvumelana nezidingo zomdwebo.
Isiteshi sesibili ngemva kokuvula ulayini inqubo ye-crimping. Imingcele ye-crimping inqunywa ngokohlobo lwetheminali oludingwa umdwebo, futhi imiyalelo yokusebenza kwe-crimping iyenziwa. Uma kunezidingo ezikhethekile, kuyadingeka ukuthi uzibonise emibhalweni yenqubo futhi uqeqeshe opharetha. Isibonelo, ezinye izintambo zidinga ukudlula emgodleni ngaphambi kokucwiliswa. Idinga ukuhlanganisa izintambo kuqala, bese ibuya esiteshini sangaphambi kokuhlanganisa ngaphambi kokucwiliswa; Ukwengeza, amathuluzi akhethekile okukhwabanisa asetshenziselwa i-puncture crimping, enokusebenza okuhle kokuxhumana kukagesi.
Bese kulandela inqubo yangaphambi kokuhlanganisa. Okokuqala, lungiselela imanuwali yokusebenza kwenqubo yangaphambi komhlangano. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle komhlangano ojwayelekile, isiteshi sangaphambi komhlangano kufanele sisethelwe amahhanisi ezintambo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuthi inqubo yangaphambi komhlangano inengqondo noma ayithinteki ngokuqondile ukusebenza kahle komhlangano ojwayelekile futhi ikhombisa izinga lobuchwepheshe lomdwebi. Uma ingxenye ehlanganiswe ngaphambilini ihlanganiswe kancane noma indlela yocingo ehlanganisiwe ingenangqondo, izokwandisa umsebenzi wabasebenzi bomhlangano jikelele futhi inciphise isivinini somugqa womhlangano, ngakho-ke ochwepheshe kufanele bahlale kusayithi futhi bafingqa njalo.
Isinyathelo sokugcina inqubo yokugcina yokuhlanganisa. Ukwazi ukuhlanganisa i-assembly platen eklanywe umnyango wokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, ukuklama ukucaciswa nobukhulu bempahla yamathuluzi nebhokisi lempahla, futhi unamathisele izinombolo zawo wonke amashethi okuhlanganisa kanye nezinsiza ebhokisini lempahla ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle komhlangano. Lungiselela okuqukethwe komhlangano kanye nezidingo zesiteshi ngasinye, bhalansisa sonke isiteshi somhlangano, futhi uvimbele isimo sokuthi umthwalo womsebenzi mkhulu kakhulu futhi isivinini somugqa wonke siyancishiswa. Ukuze kuzuzwe ibhalansi yezikhundla zokusebenza, izisebenzi zenqubo kufanele zazi umsebenzi ngamunye, zibale amahora okusebenza esizeni, futhi zilungise inqubo yokuhlanganisa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Ukwengeza, inqubo yamahhanisi ihlanganisa nokulungiswa kweshejuli yesabelo sokusetshenziswa kwempahla, ukubalwa kwehora lomuntu, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, njll. ngoba inani lokuqukethwe kobuchwepheshe aliphezulu, lokhu ngeke kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe. Ngamafuphi nje, okuqukethwe kanye nekhwalithi yamahhanisi ezimoto kubuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi yezimoto kancane kancane sekuyinkomba ebalulekile yokuhlola ukusebenza kwemoto. Abakhiqizi bezimoto kufanele banake ngokukhethekile ukukhethwa kwezintambo zocingo, futhi kuyadingeka ukuqonda inqubo nokukhiqizwa kwezintambo zezintambo zezimoto.
